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Commercial lending is the business of booking loans to commercial and industrial businesses by financial institutions. Such institutions are often, but not always, banks. Although the definition of commercial and industrial borrowers can also vary, a common guideline is a business that is borrowing, or seeks to borrow, more than US$250,000.

Bank fraud includes all financial crimes in which a deceptive transaction or series of transactions, which collectively or individually violate a criminal statute, are undertaken at a bank for the purpose of misappropriating funds. Examples include account take overs, letter of credit fraud, and first-party credit fraud.

Complex and data-intensive, bank stress tests require banks to determine whether their capital levels are adequate to endure the next financial catastrophe by performing a variety of enterprise-wide pro-forma analyses of their institutions under various sets of economic assumptions, some of which are quite adverse. Pro-forma analyses must include the impacts of these various scenarios on a bank's income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement, as well as key measures of regulatory capital and liquidity. Bank stress tests are required under several regulatory regimes, including Basel and Dodd-Frank in the United States.